ABSTRACT
This research examined the Nigerian foreign policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's administration (2015 till date). The survey research was used in this study to sample the opinion of respondents. This method involved random selection of respondent who were administered with questionnaires. The target population of the study comprised selected residents in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 300 respondents were recruited as sample size for the present study. The descriptive and analytical approach was adopted using Chi-square to test and analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed. Findings revealed that there is a significant impact of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari’s regime had any implication on Nigeria’s global image. The finding of the study also reveals that Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari’s regime improve the economic growth of Nigeria. The findings of the study also reveal that. The finding of the study also reveals that the regime of president Muhammadu Buhari provides entrepreneurs with opportunities to explore their businesses. The findings of the study reveal that there is an impact of family function on the academic performance in Kano colleges. It was therefore concluded that there is a significant impact of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari’s regime had any implication on Nigeria’s global image. It was recommended that President elect should diversify its economy and more focus should be put on agriculture and mineral resources that will drive job creation and wealth creation towards enhancing Gross Domestic Product and reduce the high inflation rate. This will help in enhancing domestic and external environment of foreign policy of President Muhammadu Buhari.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The symbiotic character of the international system gives rise to the idea that no nation can live in isolation. Nigeria has assumed responsibility for its internal and foreign affairs since gaining independence, demonstrating that it has become a participating and active member of the international system.Rise and creation of Nigeria Foreign policy was now unavoidable. According to Ashiru (2013), there are a number of elements specific to Nigerian foreign policy that have shaped both Nigeria's domestic and international contexts since independence and have dictated the nature of Nigeria's foreign policy.These factors include the emergence of numerous power centers in various regions and regional economic groups like the European Union (EU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); the creation of the African Union (AU) (previously known as the Organization of African Unity (OAU)); the waves of dictatorships and democratic transitions across Africa and the Middle East; Nigeria's growing population; and the ongoing presence of both internal and external challenges.
According to a study by Fayomi et al. (2015), the nation's efforts in foreign policy have been thwarted by an image problem engendered by long-standing domestic difficulties.Nigeria's aims for foreign policy have remained centered on the pursuit of an Afrocentric foreign policy with the aim of becoming Africa's leading state (Ade-Ibijola, 2013). However, Nigeria's efforts have been limited by a number of issues, including ineffective leadership, corruption, developmental roadblocks, the nation's image crisis, ineffective representation of Nigerians abroad, and the apparent lack of will to engage the reciprocity principles in its external relations (Imoukhede, 2016; Chidozie et al., 2014; Fayomi, 2015; Egwemi and Ochim, 2016).
Foreign policy encompasses all acts or reactions that deal with problems that necessitate the active participation of individuals outside the borders of a particular state in order to be resolved.Accordingly, for Rosenau (1974), foreign policy is the deliberate action that nations do or decide to take in order to either maintain the desired characteristics of the international milieu or change its undesirable parts.To put it another way, because national governments have certain goals in mind, the day-to-day operations of succeeding administrations are geared toward achieving these specific and well-defined goals while administering their respective countries.While some of these aims can be accomplished by the states acting independently, in the majority of cases, they seek the ardent support and occasionally assistance of other governments in order to accomplish their national goals (Nwankwo, 2013). This means that a state must always be interacting with its surrounding environment (Ojo & Sesay, 2002).
It touches on contacts and communication between nations, and it involves high diplomacy with the clear goal of attaining national objectives. In this context of interpretation, Adeniran (1983) argued that foreign policy should be understood in reference to the goals and advantages that support state relations. He added that the fundamental components of foreign policy are goals and ways to achieve them.Foreign policy is purposeful since it is fundamentally an activity that is planned and goal-oriented. As previously indicated, this goal entails altering or modifying a situation outside the autonomous borders in order to benefit the state. This goal is typically justified using the concept of national interest(Wilkenfeld et al, 1980, Legg & Morrison, 1971). Therefore, according to Beard (1934), foreign policies are not developed by abstract thought but rather as the result of practical formulations of the country's interests that can be measured in terms of security and prosperity. Although security and prosperity continue to be the primary objectives of foreign policy, any definition of the term must also include a list of the methods used to achieve these objectives. In this way, foreign policy encompasses not only a predetermined set of overt objectives with respect to the outside world beyond the confines of a particular socio-political entity, but also a predetermined set of strategies and tactics to achieve those objectives(Legg & Morrison, 1971).Despite the fact that various administrations have attempted to advance Nigeria's foreign policy with essentially identical goals, differences in leadership style, agenda setting, the mobilization of essential resources, and other factors have resulted in a lack of progress toward actual national goals. As a result, it is possible to discuss the foreign policy of a particular leader and regime rather than merely Nigeria, for example.
President Muhammadu Buhari assumed the presidency of Nigeria from President Goodluck Jonathan in an effort to improve both the country's internal and external environments. As President-elect, he made a number of diplomatic trips even before his official inauguration.After taking office on May 29, 2015, he made more trips to help the nation's image and broaden her sources of foreign funding. Like his three predecessors, he successfully used Nigeria's foreign policy and economic ties to entice foreign investors and other global partners in business and development to set up shop in the nation. Buhari’s administration maintained the status-quo of sustaining the influx of more FDI and other foreign revenues into the country; but still with the tip tilting more in favor of Oil and Gas (O&G).However, the nation's foreign policy underperformed in light of the internal and external environments. In light of this, the researcher tends to look at Muhammadu Buhari's civil administration's appraisal of Nigeria's foreign policy.
???????Statement of the Problem
From 1999 onward, Nigeria's interactions with other state and non-state actors in international politics were governed by democratic norms. The late Gen. Sani Abacha, who served as de facto President of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998, badly harmed Nigeria's reputation with his tit-for-tat diplomacy. The U.S. State Department constantly denounced the government for allegedly violating human rights. With threats of economic sanctions from others, relationships with several countries broke down. In addition to this, the government's uneven foreign policy made Nigeria a laughingstock in the community of nations.
Every foreign policy seeks to forge and maintain friendly ties with other countries while also enhancing a country's reputation and advancing its own interests at home or abroad. This inevitably means that a nation's excellent reputation depends on its foreign policy being developed, upheld, and sustained. Like many earlier Nigerian administrations, the Buhari's administration has always had sound foreign policies.Nigeria's foreign policy problem, which is harming the country's reputation, is not in its formulation but in its execution(Nwankwo, 2019The study project's goal is to evaluate Nigerian foreign policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's administration from 2015 to the present as a result. The research will also determine the degree to which the foreign policy problems that President Buhari concentrated on implementing have been implemented.
???????Research Questions
The following questions were derived to give direction to the present study;
Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to assess the Nigerian foreign policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's administration. Specific objectives if the study include;
Basic Assumptions
The following were assumed in this study;
Assumption 1
H0: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's regime do not have a significant impact on Nigeria's global image
H1: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's regime have a significant impact on Nigeria's global image
Assumption 2
H0: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's regime do not have a significant impact on economic growth of Nigeria
H1: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu Buhari's regime have a significant impact on economic growth of Nigeria???????
Significance of the Study
Both theoretical and practical implications underlie this investigation. Theoretically, it will advance our understanding of foreign relations and related topics. Practically;
It will be helpful to academics' research, particularly that of political scientists, economists, and experts in international relations. The work will be beneficial to diplomats like ambassadors, high commissioners, and employees of foreign ministries.
The report, which charts the historical development of Nigerian foreign policy from 1960, would be of utmost relevance to decision-makers and aspiring diplomats.
The courageous endeavor made by democratic governments under various administrations, particularly that of Muhammadu Buhari, will be reinforced by this.
Information on the internal variables that affected Nigeria's foreign policy under President Muhammadu Buhari from 2015 to the present will be made available thanks to this study project.
Through this study, the political and military classes will come to understand the importance of being patriotic.
???????Scope of the Study
This study focuses on Nigeria’s foreign policy under the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari from 2015 till date, in relation with its achievements. It examines how personality affects how foreign policy is carried out. Other topics covered in this study include domestic elements that affected Muhammadu Buhari's foreign policy. Additionally, this study covers the major accomplishments of Muhammadu Buhari's foreign policy in terms of domestic economic growth, political stability, regional security, and international engagement. President Muhammadu Buhari's foreign policy initiatives will be the exclusive focus of the study, which does not aim to be a full analysis of all of his political activities in Nigeria or a biography of the man.???????
Research Methodology
This study adopted the quantitative research method. The systematic investigation of phenomena through the gathering of numerical data and use of mathematical, statistical, or computational methods is known as quantitative research. The positivism paradigm, which promotes methods based on statistical breakdown and includes other techniques like inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, mathematical explanation, experimental and quasi-experimental design randomization, blinding, structured protocols, and questionnaires with a limited range of prearranged answers, is the foundation of quantitative research (Slevitch, 2011).In this method, the researcher adopted the questionnaire as a source of data accorded with secondary source data.
???????Operational Definition of Terms
Foreign Policy
Foreign policy refers to a country's ability to negotiate and manage its connections with other countries. It can also be viewed as an effort made by a nation to promote international cooperation and uphold friendly relations with all other nations, to oppose all forms of aggression and racial discrimination, to formulate and project her fundamental priorities abroad, and to consistently uphold the rule of law and basic human rights.
Administration
Administration is the process of putting resources to better use through planning, organization, execution, and control in order to achieve an institution's goals.
Organization of the Study
This study comprises five chapters. Chapter One covers the introduction of the study, and it explains the background of the study, the statement of the problem, study objectives, research hypothesis, significance of the study, scope of the study and limitations of the study. Chapter Two comprises the theoretical review, empirical review research gaps and conceptual framework. Chapter Three explains the research methodology, which presents the research philosophy, research design, empirical model, target population, sampling design and procedure, data collection instruments, validity and reliability of the instruments, data collection procedure, data analysis, normality testing and ethical considerations. Chapter Four sets forth the research findings and discussion, presenting the background information on descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Finally, Chapter Five provides the summary, conclusion, contributions of the study and recommendations for further studies.
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