CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to Fakunle (1986) fundamental of sex education, journal of education psychology vol. 1 page 45-52 see the role of teaching sex education as a phenomenon is so complicated that people have different view about it. These differences bring tolerance in sexuality among some, while it creates problems in some in some other ethnic groups where they bring boys and girls into the same school created problems of physical contact and emotional involvement, which eventually result in arousing sexuality. This anxiety created in them; make them jump into the game of uncontrolled emotion.
One American school of health association committee (1967) see the role of teaching sex education as consist of institution to develop understanding of the physical, mental, emotional, social, economic, and psychological phases of human relations, how they are affected by male and female relationship. It also emphasizes attitudes development and guidance related association between the sexes. It implied that that man’s sexuality is integrated into the total life development as health entry and ones creative energy, Styler (1945) also see sex education which teaches the young people of what he/she should know for his/her personal conduct and relationship with others, he said that sex education should no longer be taught of how to be in the usual and the narrower sense as simply the anatomy and psychology genitalia. In this chapter, the researcher intends to have an overview of terminologies associated with sex before dealing with the study. Sex education is the instruction about sex and humans sexuality which children are supposed to receive sex at all. Correct relevant information should be given to teenagers about the changes and development they observed in their bodies during the period of maturity. The girls develop breast and pelvic bones broadens. This start at the age of twelve years (12) while the boys sexual organs mature, their chest widens and their larynx enlarges. This period in teenagers is very crucial in life of an individual and many frustrations may occur during this stage such as school dropout, sexual immorality, and juvenile delinquency to mention but a few.
Those days, sex education matters were hidden from children, they are expected to be given information about sex education so as to break through the desire in them so that they will not go astray. Sex desire can lead to sexual immorality, which can result to unwanted pregnancy, feelings and emotional desires. This can also cause abortion, sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS and so on. Therefore sex education should be given to children at any developmental stage because the foundation in the early life of the children will determine the stability and quality of their marital life. Sex education should be given to the teenagers through their parents, teachers, counsellors, and educator for teenagers of both sexes. With this introduction alone, a lot of changes will occur in life of the students, parents and the community at large.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
This study intends to emphasize the role of teaching sex education into secondary schools and also to investigate if this sex education has positive or negative effect on students. Case of sex experiment, free married distortion about sex from parents, elders, brothers and sisters are becoming so rampant among our female students in the post primary schools. A case study of Oredo Local Government Area. This study is trying to find out all about the following.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions that are required for the purpose of the study include the following.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
It is observed that sex education is not adequately taught in schools especially in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. There is actually the need of sex education at this level of learning stage, because there we have bulk of students both male and female that have gotten to the age of puberty. It is at this stage that terrible things happen particularly unwanted pregnancies which cause students especially females to dropout of schools.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Most students in the secondary schools are within the age period adolescents. This period is so complicated that those who fall within it need special guidance by parents, teachers, brothers and sisters to a bright future in terms of what to meet and experience later in life. He/she needs to know him/herself, know his/her life partner and other vital issues associated with sex education. This study further provides concrete answer to the very problem of teaching sex education so as to generate better understanding of how to put forward certain suggestions to the authorities such as ministry of education, the parents, teachers, the schools and general population to develop keen interest.
SCOPE/DELIMITATION
A study like this embraces all areas of secondary schools and a sample of teachers in junior secondary schools and parents. this study was faced by a number of problems which restricted the researcher from carrying out the study throughout such as home factor, transportation to and fro to each supervisor and combination of domestic works.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms we defined as used in this study to enhance easy understanding and clarification. Sexually transmitted disease (S.T.Ds): disease contacted through sexual intercourse e.g. HIV/AIDS.
Sex: refers to difference between male and females.
Teenagers: stage of development between 11-17 years.
Pelvic: hip bones.
Sex organs: structure responsible for reproduction e.g. penis in male and female vagina in them.
Reproduction: is the process of giving birth to a living thing/being.
Education: is the systematic training and instruction especially our young ones in schools.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviewed related literature. The ideas relevant to the topic shall be presented under the following sub-headings.
SEX EDUCATION
Many administrations has been greatly worried if sex education is relevant as a course to be taught in schools, who to handle it the effect it has on the society and the students and if the introduction of the course will make students become juvenile in the society.
In recent times, it has been discovered that most of our social problem will be possibly removed with, the inclusion of sex education in the secondary school curriculum. So the school as an institution is supposed to guide the students by giving them the knowledge about sex materials. According to Fakune (1986) defined sex education as process of making the individual develop a positive attitude towards sex. It enables an individual to develop a positive attitude and also to enjoy his or her life fully and to develop into a responsible members of the society to which he or she belong to the went farther to say that, teenagers need to be given a through explanation on how their body functions and how to protect it from immoral people.
Eduwen (2003) sex education as the provision of sex information or knowledge to people. He stressed further to say that sex education is a comprehensive programme of individual development right from infancy to declining years still on, he says that sex education is a program designed to produce socially and morally desirable sexual attitude, values, and personal behaviour. He concluded that this concept is broad in scope as it encompasses family life, education, marital affairs and the entire process of reproduction and development.
Tuner (1979) in his own view said that sex education is an education for hygiene living with matters relating to sex. It is the preparation for family living for young ones. He further stated that it is parent’s responsibilities to answer children’s questions about sex. In similar ways Njoku (1978) sees sex education in its most comprehensive sense as a preparation of the youth for health and happy family living. He said that sex education would enable children to acquire good social health and the youth to avoid juvenile marriages.
According to him, once married, even married even after divorce. Therefore, it is important for parents, medical professionals and school to educate children on areas of sex. The dangers of indiscriminate sex should be stressed and that it is not to his or her own interest and future happiness in life or she indulges in premarital sex act.
Oyegbemi (1978) stated that man must as early as possible in life be taught his biological origin and it must be related to its proper place of priority in that case, sex education is only way out. Durilaiye (1976) is of the opinion at sex education should be given to the teenagers because the behaviour of secondary school students are problematic as a result of moral laxity among them. In the same vein, Laoye (1996) stressed that sex education should be taught in schools and it is the job of both the school and the home and it should be discussed with boys and girls who are about to reach the age of puberty. He emphasized that this teenagers should not be left in the dark with regards to sex for they will discuss among themselves without any adult guidance.
ROLE OF SEX EDUCATION
Tessy Nwanze (1987) says that the introduction of sex education into the curriculum will effect on the society and the students positively because it is urgently needed both for the ecological repercussion which will accompany to uncontrolled explosion of population.
Emphasized more on the issue, Tessy says if people are sexually educated they will be able to control the number of children they given birth to the unless this happens, government may in the end have to use force to administer compulsory birth control starting from the students by introducing sex education into the curriculum so that they will be properly educated about sex matters. Similarly to this David (1987) stated that if a man is to develop a healthy attitude towards sexual side of marriages, anatomy (structure) and physiology (science of the normal function of living things) need to be adequately stressed. He went further to say that sex education does not necessarily mean teaching teenagers the techniques fully their sex anatomy in order to promote the need to guide and control sexuality.
In teenagers, sexual characteristics or physical features that distinguishes male and female sexes, grow at every rapid rate. Jerisild (1978) said about four fifth of an adolescents include development of sex organ, pubic hair and armpit, widening of the chest as well as breaking of voice as the larynx enlarges for boys while in girls, development of the breast, pubic hair, armpit, widening of the hip bones and the general colours of the body, menstruation for the girls while the boys encounter nocturnal emission for the boys. These physical changes could be embarrassing questions while the timid ones shy away sing to them and there is the need for the free ones to ask questions while the timid ones shy away. This stage is where the teenagers faced with the risk of unwanted pregnancies and if such information is not given to them, they will look the knowledge of preventing it, this information will help them to cope with physiological and social problems arising from demand of adolescents.
Loaya (1981) ascertain that, this stage is the stage everyone teaches should look forward to it and it may be problematic if adults fail to do their duties by giving the adolescents opportunities to know what sex is all about. He said that it is the silence of the adults and parents that could create anti-social or undesirable behaviour and the community as a whole will suffer.
Similarly, Eduwen (2003) stressed that sex education is necessary as a role because it assist the adolescent to develop positive attitude towards the study choosing good life partners and minimize marital conflicts. Sex education help to check the incident of sexually transmitted diseases that has assumed an alarming proportion in general and also the wide spread be minimized. The author of (C.E.S.A.C.) comparative education studies and adoption centre on home management for pupils (1980) started that sex is a role involved in later therefore, sex education should be introduced to the children as early as possible because the foundation laid in early children will determine the attitude of the child to sex.
In our society today, the children grow up in an environment with plenty of sex. Early in his life, due to over crowding at home, the children become a witness to their parents’ sex acts and want to know what these acts are all about by asking several questions. Relating to these, a well planned and carefully directed sex education role is very necessary for the adolescents and teachers in school as well as their parents should pass this to them.
THE EFFECT OF SEX EDUCATION
Most people believed that if sex education is introduced into curriculum, students will become juveniles in the society which is not so because as the individual mature every day, he/she observes some physical changes in them which may be embarrassing them, Shatzer and Stone (1979) discovered that, if sex education is not given them at that stage, they will not be able to overcome the consequences that surround them. In this society, school pregnancy is a variable means to an end of the road except for very few ones. The problems of indulging in sexual acts and the unwanted pregnancy which results to education, medical and social problems, so most girls who find themselves in these positions dropout of school. There was a time in this country when many parents were reading negatively about the training of female children for fear that they might become pregnant. Shetzer and Stone listed the frequent pattern of event following unwanted pregnancy. According to them, the pattern for many unwanted pregnancy affect girls and boys who impregnate them, is a tragic one. They are forced out of school, give birth to the baby and are unable to return to school, unable to get job, they are driving by loneliness, poverty, and frustration to seek companionship of others because pregnant again and finally end the road to school.
In the same vein Oruma (1983) added that sex is a natural follow up of marriage for reproductive purpose of the married couples. The most serious advantages of the adolescents on their experiences towards the love of the married about couples, it is that they turn to having boy friends; they admit that they love each other. The love tends to occupy their minds that, they no more concentrate on their studies. The mind is divided that they can’t assimilate in school and this according to Oruma leads to poor academic performance. he went further to say that for a boy to go too far with a girl and put her in a family way, it is exposing himself to the danger, because there are only two alternative either the girl will have the child or an abortion is committed. Where abortion is done, some boys are arrested and tried in law court where he may be sentenced for helping procuring abortion which can easily lead to death. Knowing the consequences to have self control over his/her sex impulse especially girls because the boys after completing their education may come across another girl whom they prefer to have as wives thereby leaving the girls to suffer with the innocent.
The way adolescents act in life is strongly influenced by the experiences and training received at home in early childhood. Therefore, sex education will only straighten their lives and make useful in the society instead of becoming juvenile delinquency in the adequate knowledge and attitude that will raise the standard of home life get their information from books, magazines, film and even group which can be very dangerous and injurious.
WHO TO HANDLE THE COURSE
Sex education is taught by persons who are vast in sexual matters. Therefore it is said to be that formal and informal process of instructing teenagers, the various changes that occur in them, understand them and cope with them. The formal aspect is that kind of process by which the teachers as well as the educational administrators enlighten the students in a well administrative and constructive system.
In the case of Eduwen (2003) state that teachers of sex education are expected to possess some enviable qualities as follows. He must be vast in sexuality education so that relevant topics in the field are adequately covered. Information on conception, child birth and development in the direction. He should be discipline in mind and matured to discuss the subject matter of sex with dignity and respect and he must be able to use the language that will communicate meaning to the students.
He must required equipped with variety of methods of instruction to cater for individual differences among school children. He must be intellectually sound in the principle and techniques of teaching of teaching and good classroom management so as to achieve the objective of sexuality. Sex education as an informal process involved the information passed from the parents to the children. So Laoye (1981) stated that it is necessary to teach sex education separately from each sex. This is, the girls should be taught mother craft like
At the same time, the boys should be taught father craft like
According to Eduwen (2003) he stated that parents should be involved in the teaching of sex education to their children. He also stated that sex education of children should not be a sole responsibility of teachers that parents have major role to play in this direction through the following ways:
In conclusion, literature review is talking about sex education as a concept broad in scope as it encompasses family life education, marital affairs and the entire process of reproduction and development of a child. It also makes an individual to develop positive attitude and also enjoy his or her life and to develop into a responsible member of the society to which he or she belongs.
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