CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH WORK
Water is a unique resource that has no substitute, its quality and quantity vary over space and time for a given area and even for the whole globe (Ayoade, 1988). A causal visitor from extra terrestrial space would characterize the earth as the water planet, because water is its most abundant surface material (Oyebande, 1998).
Water is one of the most precious commodities throughout man’s recorded history, without it, life and civilization at least as we know it cannot survive and among the major purposes of water resources are the role they play as a catalyst for economic development (Luovitch, 1973). Thus economic development can only be achieved by proper planning and management of the resource (Egbulem, 1995).
Water is the life blood of the ecosphere. It forms the largest part of most living matter; it is truly a wondrous substance that connects us to one another to other forms of life, and to the entire planet. An average man is two thirds water and would weight only 1 3kg when completely without water (Nelson, 2002, Prescott et al., 2002).
Despite its importance, water is one of the most poorly managed resources on earth, we waste it, pollute it, charge little to make it available, and encourage even greater waste and pollution of this vital renewable resource (Feller, 1994). According to Christopherson (2002) Ayoade (1988) and Moore (1974), water is a renewable resource, constantly cycling through the environment and endlessly renewed. Even so some 80 countries face impending water shortage, either in quality or quantity or both. Over two billion people lack access to safe water at the beginning of 21st century, some 1.8 billion lack adequate sanitary facilities, during the first half of the new century water availability per-person will drop by 75% as population increase without equilibrating quantity and quality of water supply (WHO Health Report, 1998).
Recently, according to the United Nations (UN) more than 5 million people die annually first from disease caused by unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation and inadequate water supply. The major problems of safe drinking water are those of availability and quality (Ajewole, 2005). Only 61% of people in developing countries are estimated to have access to good water supply, greater in rural than urban area and 36% to sanitation facilities greater in urban than rural area. WHO Health Report,( 1998).
In addition (Ifabiyi, 2000), stated that out of every (10) ten rural communities in Nigeria (7) seven have inadequate water supply. That is to say these rural areas lack any facility for water supply but still depend on the use of well, stream and harvested water from roof top. However, the problem of water supply in rural area particularly the area of study for this work is numerous and multidimensional. Based on these, this work seeks to examine the problem related to water supply in rural area using Utagba–Uno in Ndokwa local government area in Delta State as a case study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Water is an important natural resource relied upon for day-to-day economic activities and for healthy standard living. Thus the availability of water potable symbolizes an improvement in the level of welfare and productivity; while shortage of it leads to a contrary situation (Iyaiga, 2002).
Water is found everywhere in the world, its volume is estimated to be about 1½ billion cubic kilometers, but 97% of this is salt with mere 3% of the world water as fresh, at the 3% fresh water, 99% (that is ¾ is locked up as glacier and ice in polar regions. Therefore only 10% is readily accessible to human kind, which would have been enough to sustain the earth’s populace but for the fact that it is not evenly distributed poses a problem in some areas (Ayoade, 1988). Two million die annually and animal and plant perish for lack of water (WHO and FAO, 2002). Since water is not always naturally available where and when we want it different source of water to suit need have involved.
About 30% of the world population is said to be without access to clean water. For example more than 75% of the populations of over two billion people in the developing countries do not have access to adequate supply of water. Out of the 500 million people living in sub-Sahara Africa in 1990 estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) shows that about 263 million lacked safe water, this situation is worst in some drought affected areas where renewable fresh water has dropped by more than 65% over the past 40 years (Ifabiyi, 2000).
In Nigeria, not everybody has access to adequate supply of quality water, About 60% of households in the rural area of Nigeria depend on streams, 30% depend on private bores hole, wells and vendors while the remaining 10% depend on rainwater (Oluyinka, 1996).
In Ndokwa West Local Government area, the rural communities of Utagba-Uno have three major sources of water supply which include private borehole, stream and rain. Despite this fact, they suffer from two disadvantages. The settlement pattern is dispersed so that house to-house water connections are prohibitively expensive. Coupled with this is the fact that rural people have low disposable income. They cannot fund, maintain or contribute meaningfully to modern water supply schemes which are costly. The available sources are faced with seasonal variation and contamination.
On the other hand, distance places a limit to the use of river and stream as sources of water in the study area. Women with children of the community tracks a long distance of about 1 and 1½ kilometers during wet and dry season respectively to got water from the river or stream with buckets and other container on their head or bicycle. As it were, the distance trekked and time taken to get the amount of water needed by a household amount to the difficulties associated with this source of water (Igba, 2001).
Furthermore, the only available water facility in the study area are those provided by the Directorate of Food; Roads, and Rural Infrastructures (DFRRI) and Oil Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC) in the 80s due to neglect and poor management the facility are presently moribund and most of the tap slab had been converted to refreshing floor.
In addition, the problem of water supply in the study area is multidimensional and complex coupled with the inadequate top-down centralized plan and execution machinery adopted for rural development by the government; this has encouraged the imposing of projects on the people. Poor consultation with the people has further frustrated the improvement and mitigation of problem related to water in the study area.
In line with this few, research and study carryout in the study area in respect to water have been based on water quality that is the biochemical and physical analysis of the different sources of water; no comprehensive study has been carried out concerning water supply and problem related to it. Based on these, the following questions arise:
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to determine and study rural water supply and also the problem associated with accessibility and provision of water in rural area using Utagba –Uno-Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State as case study.
To achieve this following objectives are spelt out.
1.4 HYPOTHESES
Formulating research hypothesis for a research topic such as this is quite difficult due to the variability of data utilized.
However, it is necessary to make a conjectural statement based on the observed relationship between two or more variables in the study area related to the topic of study. Furthermore, the test and verification of this hypothesis will provide a good framework to make meaningful conclusions in respect to the topic of discourse.
The hypotheses tested in this study are:
The quantity of water utilized by each household is not dependent on the socio-economic status (income and level of education).
The quantity of water utilized by a given household is significantly dependent on the distance covered to get the water.
The perceived variation in the quality of the various sources of water supply in the study area is a significant factor that determines the choice of water source.
Null Hypotheses
(1) The quantities of water utilized by each household depend on the socio-economic, status of the people.
(2) The quantity of water utilized by a given household is not significantly dependent on the distance covered to get the water.
(3) The perceived variation in the quality of the various source of water supply in the study area is not a significant factor that determines the choice of water source.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
The study area is restricted to Utagba-uno which comprises Isumpe, Umusan, Umuseti, Umusadels, Umusadege, Ikilibi-UNo and Etua-Uno villages in Ndokwa West Local Government area of Delta State.
1.6 THE STUDY AREA
The study area will be discussed under the following:
1.7 LOCATION AND SIZE
Utagba – Uno is a clan in Ndokwa West Local Government Area. (LGA) of Delta State, located between latitudes 5o56oN and 5o59oN and between longitudes 6o22oE and 6 o25oE. Utagba – Uno is bounded in the North and North-West by Aniocha South Local Government Area and Akoku in Ukwuani Local Government Area respectively, in East by Ossissa and South by Onicha-Ukwuani.
In terms of location Utagba-Uno occupies the northern part of Ndokwa-Est Local Government Area. However, the area that makes a Utagba-Uno is estimated to be 16.8km2.
The communities include Etua-Uno, Isumpe Umusam, Ikilibi-Uno, Umusadege Umusadeli and Umuseti.
1.8 BRIEF HISTORY OF UTAGBA-UNO
Utagba-Uno community is made up of seven sub-clans (Etua-Uno, Isumpe, Umusam, Ikilibi-Uno, Umusadege, Umusadeli and Umuseti), These seven sub-clans are the descendants of Utagba.
History holds that Utagba is a strong warrior and a great farmer in the quest to discover better soil and large farm land. He migrated to the present area that covers almost the entire northern part of Ndokwa West Local Government Area. Utagba has seven children who made up the major seven villages. As the heirs to Utagba the surrounding land shared among the seven sons whom they use for farming. This farm knows as ago where name after them as Ogoumu. As a way to mitigate and check-mate conflict these farmlands (i.e) Ogo were named after the seven sons in accordance to ownership. This settlement owned by the seven sons was regarded as “uno” means house while those that emerged from the farm are known as Ogo, For example, we have Etua-Uno and Etua-Oliogo, Ikilibi-Uno and Ogo-Ikilibi, Umusan and Ogo-Musam etc.
1.9 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Utagba-uno falls within the subequatorials south climatic region of the country. This zone extends from the coast to roughly 128.72km inland and has over 15240mm of rainfall and no month has less than 25.4mm of rain.
The total annual rainfall increases from 152.4mm to the west to more than 30.8mm in Delta Area. Relative humidity is normally over 90% in the early morning but falls to between 60% and 80% in the afternoon. The seasonal pattern of the area can be summarized as follows:
Long Wet Season: This starts from mid-March till July; it is the season with heavy rainfall and high humidity.
Short Wet Season: This follows the August break and occurs between September and October.
The Short Dry Season: This is the August break. It lasts for about two weeks in the month of August.
Long Dry Season: The harmattan season between November and mid-March (Areola, 1983).
Since the area is within the sub-equatorial zone we have the equatorial forest vegetation characterized by three levels of vegetation rights from the forest bed. There are some economic trees such as palm trees, iroko, mahogany, and rubber and undergrowth plants. As a result of some economic and anthropogenic activities in the area, the original forest has given way to the undergrowth and short trees of about 3 to 5 meters high in some places.
However, the original forest vegetation can be seen in scare areas and along river banks or levees.
1.10 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
Utagba –Uno is located on a low landscape relatively flat and about 100 to 175m above sea level. The landscape is cut with numerous water bodies which are mainly streams. The land area of Utagba-Uno provides the necessary physical environment for farming. The numerous water channels such as Adofi, Omu, Igigo, Imiogi etc serve as fishing ground and also provide water for different needs.
1.11 POPULATION
The population of Utagba-uno is about 29,988 estimated 2006 census population figure. (Delta guides an authoritative information data on Delta State 2006/2007).
1.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Odeka (1985) stated that the major economic activities in Utagba-Uno is farming. Farming is favoured by the soil and climatic condition.
This farming is typical at the subsistence level although some commercial holdings also exist. The farmer grow food crops such as cassava, yam, pepper, maize, okro, vegetables, and commercial crops like palm tress and rubber. The vegetable are grown on the water logged area while crops like pepper, yam, and cassava are grown on the upland; cassava is also grown on the water logged areas.
Palm produce is also a major economic activity of the people. This has been a major occupation of the farmers from time in memorial. Natural palm trees grow on farmland.
Rubber is grown and tapped for rubber latex used for many productions. Other economic activities include trading hunting, fishing, palm oil extraction and civil service jobs.
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