AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL AND INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OBUDU LGA, CROSS RIVER STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Teaching is a process of assisting a learner to acquire    knowledge and skills or experiences that could foster effectiveness in the later age. Thus, once a child learns what he has been taught teaching is said to have taken place. During the teaching/learning process, the teacher has to adopt a particular method or methods to impact knowledge to the learners coupled with useful materials that could help a learner to learn. The careful selection and orderly arrangement of the various elements of the curriculum materials and the various ways or the general pattern of approach in which they are introduced to the learner constitutes the instructional process.

The idea of adopting and using materials and equipments to enhance effectiveness in the instructional process is as old as mankind. The wise teacher will always use equipments or aids in form of instructional materials to help the learners understand and learn better. This, he does alongside an appropriate method of instruction. Udeh (1994) as cited in Olumba (2007), emphasized that, the Greek mathematics had diagrams drawn on sand and Jesus Christ who was one of the greatest teacher made continued use of materials and illustrations during the course of his teachings. He added that, his special reference was to what they could see, touch, manipulated etc to drive home his message.

Ukwueze (2003) cited that, the use of instructional materials and methods is still being practical in our traditional society. This, he cited that traditional mothers not only teach their daughters the methods of cooking food but also the ingredients (materials to be used in cooking activity and teaching an enterprising venture, Awonji (1998) affirms that, the use of instructional materials and good strategies in teaching and learning environment is very important as they make lesson experiences more concrete and realistic in learners. He added that, if instructional materials and effective methods were used in our traditional society to aid teaching and learning especially social studies, then one can deduced that our present form and provisions of education which instructional materials are almost an abstract subject.

Most often teaching especially in social studies is done with inadequate instructional materials which will result in learners not understanding the lessons taught and if the lesson is not understood, it leads to a qualitative failure in examination. From the above, one can gather that, the use of instructional materials coupled with adequate and effective methods in the teaching of social studies in the learning situation is very crucial.

Ike (2002) referred that, instructional materials are device which present a complete body of information and are largely self supporting rather than supplementary in teaching or learning process. They are information carrying technologies that are used for instructional purpose with the hope of delivering educational information very quickly and very vividly too. These instructional materials / media. This implies that, makers of instructional materials should make sure. That they are prepared in a way that they will be real and meaningful to learners. It is also important to note that though instructional materials can be good and self supporting, it still requires skilled and knowledge teachers to use them to make teaching / learning more effective to the learners and creates clearer conditions for conceptual thinking among learners.

Ikwuzom (2001) opined that instructional materials and methods enables the teacher to widen the experiences of his students. This is done by exposing the students into a variety of experiences that would enable them see things that exist outside their immediate environment. With the use of films for instance, students see far communities and settlements and how people lie there. Thus, when students see things they could not have seen without instructional materials, their experiences will be broaden and depend.

Social studies on its own is very rich in instructional materials and methods for its effectiveness. This is true because the whole environment of man with all the things in it constitute the laboratory for social studies. The dynamic nature of social studies education makes it paramount for the teachers of social studies to use instructional materials to enable the students quickly relate their classroom to the environment they live in and interact.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM

For quite some times now, the teaching of social studies has suffered in the hands of un-resourceful and un-motivated teachers, especially at the secondary school level. Many teachers at this level feel that social studies lesson does not necessarily need to be accompanied by the uses of instructional materials. There has been general outcry of poor performance of learners in social studies in secondary school in the state. This poor performance stems from the mare fact that there are inadequate instructional materials or resources that will facilitate the teaching of the basic concept of social studies. Jiya, (1998), and Kojo (2006) have noted the above mentioned. The social studies learning therefore appear very abstract and difficult for the learners as they used their sense only. It has been observed the social studies teachers find a very herculean task to accompany their lesson with relevant instructional materials such as audio aids, visual aids, visual and audio-visual aids. This is perhaps due to lack of textbooks or resourcefulness or lack of innovativeness or gross incompetents of the teachers. Whichever is the case, this lack of instructional materials constitutes a great deal of problem for effective teaching and learning of the subject.

1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major aim of the study is to examine the effect of instructional materials and instruictional methods of teaching social studies on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nigeria. other general objectives of the study are;

1. To examine the effect of instructional material and instructional methods of teaching social studies on the academic performance of students
2. To examine the relationship between the use of instructional material/methods and the academic performance of students in Nigeria.
3. 1. To determine the effect of instructional material on students performing in social studies.
4. To find out why secondary schools teachers find it difficult to select relevant instructional material toward the teaching and learning of social studies.
5. To find out to what extent instructional materials are available in teaching and learning of social studies.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the effect of instructional material and instructional methods of teaching social studies on the academic performance of students?
2. What is the relationship between the use of instructional material/methods and the academic performance of students in Nigeria?
3. What is  the effect of instructional material on students performing in social studies?
4. Why do secondary schools teachers find it difficult to select relevant instructional material toward the teaching and learning of social studies?
5. To what extent instructional materials are available in teaching and learning of social studies?

1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H0: There is no significant effect of instructional material and instructional methods of teaching social studies on the academic performance of students.

H1: There is a significant effect of instructional material and instructional methods of teaching social studies on the academic performance of students

H0: There is no significant relationship between the use of instructional material/methods and the academic performance of students in Nigeria

H1: There is a significant relationship between the use of instructional material/methods and the academic performance of students in Nigeria.

1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The essence of any research endeavor is an addition to the academic satisfaction, to find solution to the numerous problems confronting man in his attempt to actualize himself in the context of the society. Instructional materials stimulate critical and creative thinking in learners which is an important cornerstone of the Social Studies philosophy. They also help the learners to develop the skill of analytical enquiry, motivate to produce their own materials and provide experience that are not easily obtained within the classroom environment. The research will be of help to the younger generation researchers who wish to conduct similar research in the field. It will served as a material to curriculum planners, educational policy makers, writers of social studies textbook and teachers of social studies in various secondary schools. Finally, this research will be useful to government as findings of this studies as well as recommendations could be used by the ministry of education as frame work to organize seminars and workshop to train secondary school teachers on how to teach social studies effectively

1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is restricted to the effect of instructional materials and instructional method of teaching social studies on the academic performance of secondary school students in Obudu LGA of cross river state.