CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Education is simply defined as the total process of human learning by which knowledge is acquired, faculties trained and skills developed. Secondary schools not only occupy a vantage in the educational system in Nigeria, it is also the link between the primary and the tertiary levels of education. According to Asikhai (2010), education at secondary school level is supposed to be the bedrock and the foundation towards higher knowledge in tertiary institutions. It is an investment as well as an instrument that can be used to achieve a more rapid economic, social, political, technological, scientific and cultural development in a country. It is rather unfortunate that the secondary schools today are not measuring up to the standards expected of them as envisaged in their performance in external examinations. There have been public outcries over the persistently poor performance of secondary school students in public examinations. According to Nwokocha and Amadike (2005), academic performance of students is the yardstick for testing the educational prowess of a nation. Hence, it is inevitable to maintain a high performance in internal and mostly external examinations. For some years now, reports on the pages of some national dailies and research findings have shown the abysmal performance of students of secondary schools in public examinations. Ajayi (2002), Nwokocha and Amadike (2005), WAEC (2007), The Punch newspaper (September 27, 2008), Adeyemi (2008) and Asikhia (2010) have all shown the extent of poor performance of students in external examinations. The persistent decline in students‘performance in public examinations is not only frustrating to the students and the parents, its effects are equally grievous on the society. One of the most potent yardsticks so far, if not the strongest, of measuring school performance of students is through public examinations such as Senior School Certificate Examination (S.S.C.E.) in Nigeria. These examinations are externally moderated and enjoy a lot of public confidence. The form of education children receive after primary and before tertiary stage is called secondary education. Without secondary school products, it is obvious that the basis for any future academic study cannot be laid. From the aims and objectives of the setting up of schools, one would expect that day and boarding senior secondary school students‘ performance in Gombe State would greatly improve. Admittedly, no educational system is problem free. However, the decay in Nigerian educational system is becoming nothing to write home about. Ogunsaju (1990) described it as calamitous. Though, brilliant students can be found even in public schools, the high percentage of failure in WASSCE tends to rubbish the good ones among them. Initially, Mathematics and English Language were recording poor results, but later this extended to other subjects including the Sciences and Arts. The schools can no longer justify the faith the government and the public have in them or the huge budgetary allocations they consume yearly. Nevertheless, students have not been doing well, and the situation is not improving. For example, in the S.S.C.E of May/June 1992, English Language recorded only 13.8% passes with Distinction and Credit grades, while 59.6% of the total 381,506 candidates failed. For Mathematics, only 9.7% passed in Distinction and Credit grades while 59.4% failed (WAEC, 1994). In the examinations taken in June 1994 by 618,119 students, 14.2% and 13.7% passed with Distinction and Credit levels in English and Mathematics respectively. The failure rates for the two subjects were 56.3% for English and 67.4% for Mathematics (WAEC, 1994). Results in other core-subjects were equally poor with students doing much worse in subjects with practical work. In WASSCE of December 1996, for example, failure rates were 64.6% for English and Biology 58%. Therefore, if education is going to continue to hold on to its old image as an instrument par excellence for achieving national development, it has to be salvaged or resuscitated. The popular practices of changing the curriculum or adding more subjects, changing the duration of schooling or voting more money are not yielding the expected results. Notably amongst the external examinations are the WASSCE examinations and the NECO examinations. The former is a West African regional examination while the latter is solely Nigerian controlled examination supervised by the federal ministry of education. According to our educational rules, possessing five credit level grades with English language and mathematics in either of the examinations inclusive automatically qualifies students to seek tertiary education in Nigeria.
This research will be carried out in Gombe Metropolis which is the state capital of Gombe state predominantly Muslim Hausa, Fulani tribes and people from other ethnic groups in Nigeria. The area is urban, open to lots of vices and it attracts strangers from all over the world, who settle and trade for a living due to the abundance of mass land.
The phenomenon of poor external results among Nigerian secondary school students, especially those in senior secondary schools is a matter that has become a serious source of concern to successive governments and major stakeholders in the education sector in the country. Over the years, the majority of students that sat for the May/ June West African Examinations Council (WAEC) and November/ December National Examination Council (NECO) have been recording mass failure, not only in the area of overall performance of the students, but also in the core subjects like English, Mathematics, Sciences (Biology, Physics, Chemistry),Geography, Vocational and Technical Studies and History where the high spate of failures have been a dominant feature of the students‘ performance in Gombe Metropolis. However, statistics reeled out by the two examination bodies, the National Examination Council and the West African Examination Council, which is the particular focus of this study, each time the results of West African Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO) examinations are released, they point to the fact that students have generally been underperforming the high investment which the government, both at the federal and state levels, as well as the parents have been making in the sector, though, some still pull their weight. Consequently, the out-cry on the persistent poor and unpromising performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria specifically, in the past six years (2007/2008, 2008/2009, 7 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014) in Senior Secondary School Certificate Examinations (SSCE) conducted by West Africa Examination Council (WAEC) made educationists and the government policy makers and the researcher wonder whether the schools are measuring up to the expectations. The measurement of performance of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations is for them to score at least a credit in the subjects under comparison.
The following are the aims and objectives of engaging in this study
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Mathematics in Gombe metropolis.
H1: There is significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Mathematics in Gombe metropolis.
Hypothesis 2
H0: There is no significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Physics in Gombe metropolis.
H1: There is significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Physics in Gombe metropolis.
Hypothesis 3
H0: There is no significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Biology in Gombe metropolis.
H1: There is a significant difference between the performances of students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Biology in Gombe metropolis.
This study would be of immense benefit to secondary school administrators, principals and teachers in that it would unravel the examinations between WASSCE and NECO students perform better in. the study would also help government and educational stakeholders and especially the Gombe state ministry of education in formulating policies that would enhance the performance of students in external examinations in Gombe state. Finally, the study would be important to all stakeholders who are interested in knowing the performance of students in the two major examination bodies in Nigeria.
This study majorly focuses on the correlational study on the academic performance of secondary school students in WASSCE and NECO examinations in Gombe metropolis.
Limitation of the study
Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview)
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
School facilities: Human and physical resources within a school system.
Secondary school: this is the level of school where children go after their primary education and where they spend six years to obtain two different certificates- Junior Secondary Certificate (JSC) after the completion of the first three years and the Senior School Certificate (SSC) after the completion of the second three years.
Management: is the total utilization of men and materials in a co-operative effort to achieve the pre-set objectives of an organization efficiently and effectively through the activities of planning, organizing, commanding, co-coordinating, controlling and evaluating.
Performance: refers to accomplishment/ achievement and how well students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks and studies given to them by their teachers.
Metropolis: The capital or chief city of a country or region.
WASSCE - West African Senior School Certificate Examination
WAEC - West African Examination Council
SSCE - Senior School Certificate Examination
NECO - National Examination Council
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